Allais, Maurice    Economics, 1988 Altman, Sidney   Chemistry, 1989 Arber, Werner    Medicine, 1978 Arrow, Kenneth J.    Economics, 1972 Baltimore, David    Medicine, 1975 Becker, Gary S.    Economics, 1992 Black, James W.    Medicine, 1988 Brown, Lester R. Buchanan, James M.    Economics, 1986 Charpak, Georges    Physics, 1992 Dahrendorf, Ralf Dausset, Jean    Medicine, 1980 Debreu, Gérard    Economics, 1983 de Duve, Christian    Medicine, 1974 Dulbecco, Renato    Medicine, 1975 Ernst, Richard R.    Chemistry, 1991 Esaki, Leo    Physics, 1973 Fo, Dario    Literature, 1997 Gell-Mann, Murray    Physics, 1969 Glashow, Sheldon Lee    Physics, 1979 Guillemin, Roger C.L.    Medicine, 1977 Hoffmann, Roald    Chemistry, 1981 Jacob, François    Medicine, 1965 Kindermans, Jean-Marie    Peace 1999 Klein, Lawrence R.    Economics, 1980 Kroto, Harold W.    Chemistry, 1996 Lederman, Leon M.    Physics, 1988 Lehn, Jean-Marie    Chemistry, 1987 Leontief, Wassily    Economics, 1973 Levi Montalcini, Rita    Medicine, 1986 Lown, Bernard    Peace, 1985 Marchetti, Cesare Modigliani, Franco    Economics, 1985 Molina, Mario J.    Chemistry, 1995 Müller, K. Alex    Physics, 1987 Mullis, Kary B.    Chemistry, 1993 Mundell, Robert A.    Economics, 1999 Murray, Joseph E.    Medicine, 1990 Nakicenovic, Nebojsa Nishi, Kazuhiko North, Douglass C.    Economics, 1993 Olah, Geoge A.    Chemistry, 1994 Pauli, Gunter Paz, Octavio    Literature, 1990 Penzias, Arno    Physics, 1978 Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo    Peace, 1980 Polanyi, John C.    Chemistry, 1986 Porter, George    Chemistry, 1967 Prigogine, Ilya    Chemistry, 1977 Richardson, Robert C.    Physics, 1996 Richter, Burton    Physics, 1976 Rifkin, Jeremy Rodbell, Martin    Medicine, 1994 Rohrer, Heinrich    Physics, 1986 Rota, Gian-Carlo Rotblat, Joseph    Peace, 1995 Rowland, F. Sherwood    Chemistry, 1995 Rubbia, Carlo    Physics, 1984 Sharpe, William F.    Economics, 1990 Skilbeck, Malcolm Soyinka, Wole    Literature, 1986 Steinberger, Jack    Physics, 1988 Ting, Samuel C.C.    Physics, 1976 Tobin, James    Economics, 1981 Touraine, Alain Walcott, Derek    Literature, 1992 Watson, James D.    Medicine, 1962 Weinberg, Steven    Physics, 1979 Wiesel, Elie    Peace, 1986 Zewail, Ahmed H.    Chemistry, 1999 Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Medicine, 1996

Nobel Laureate for Peace, 1986 Elie Wiesel was born in 1928 in Sighet, Transylvania (Romania) and he and his family were deported by the Nazis to Auschwitz when he was 15. His mother and younger sister perished, his two older sisters survived. He was later transported to Buchenwald with his father who died there. After the war, Wiesel studied at the Sorbonne in Paris and became a journalist, yet he remained silent about what he had endured in the death camps. During an interview with the French writer François Mauriac, he was persuaded to end that silence. He wrote La Nuit which was published in 1958, and translated into 25 languages. In 1956 he went to the United States and became an American citizen in 1963. In 1978, he was appointed Chairman of the US President's Commission on the Holocaust, and later the Founding Chairman of the Holocaust Memorial Council. He has been Distinguished Professor of Judaic Studies at the City University of New York from 1972 to 1976, and first Henry Luce Visiting Scholar in the Humanities and Social Thought at Yale University from 1982 to 1983. Since 1976, he has been the Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities at Boston University. His more than 35 books have won numerous awards, including the Prix Médicis and the Grand Prix de Littérature from the City of Paris. The first volume of his memoirs, Tous les fleuves vont à la mer, was published in 1994 and the second, Mais la mer n'est pas remplie, in October 1996. A devoted supporter of Israel, Wiesel has defended the cause of Soviet Jews, Nicaragua's Miskito Indians, Argentina's "disappeared", Cambodian refugees, the Kurds, South African apartheid victims, famine victims in Africa, and recently the victims and prisoners in the former Yugoslavia. His efforts have earned him more than 75 honorary degrees, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal and the Medal of Liberty Award, the rank of Grand Officer in the Légion d'Honneur and, in 1986, the Nobel Prize for Peace. In 1987 Elie Wiesel and his wife Marion established The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, "to advance the cause of human rights and peace throughout the world by creating a new forum for the discussion of urgent ethical issues confronting humanity".

1996 The urgency of tolerance