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Alain Touraine was born in 1925 in Hermanville-sur-Mer (France) and received his History "agrégation" from the Ecole Normale Supèrieure of Paris in 1950. He was a Rockefeller Fellow in 1952 and 1953 at Harvard, Columbia and Chicago universities and was a researcher at the CNRS (French National Research Council) until 1958. In 1956 Touraine founded the Research Centre for the Sociology of Labour at the University of Chile and in 1958 founded the Industrial Sociology Workshop of Paris, which became the Centre for the Study of Social Movements in 1970. In 1960 he became senior researcher at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (now the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales) and, after receiving his D.Lit., he taught at the Department of Literature of the University of Paris-Nanterre from 1966 to 1969. In 1981, he founded the Centre for Sociological Analysis and Intervention (Centre d'Analyse et d'Intervention Sociologiques, Cadis), the direction of which he handed over to Michel Wieviorka in 1993. The body of Alain Touraine’s work constitutes a "sociology of action" - as the title of one of his books, published in 1965, puts it - and can be divided into three periods. The first was devoted to the sociology of labour and workers consciousness, mainly based on field studies in Latin America. The second was concerned with social movements: starting with studies of the events of May 1968, military coups in Latin America and the birth of Solidarnosc in Poland, he then gave more general consideration to the problems raised by development. The third and present period is mainly concerned with the subject as the fundamental agent of social movements, an area in which Touraine intends to continue working in the coming years. Touraine has written some twenty books, about half of which have been translated into English. These include "Workers Movement" (Cambridge University Press, 1987), "The Return of the Actor" (University of Minnesota Press, 1988) and "Critique of Modernity" (Blackwell, 1996). Recipient of honorary degrees from seven European and American universities, Touraine is a member of several French and international academies and committees dealing with issues such as bioethics, immigration, teaching and research, and of the World Bank Commission on sustainable development. He is an officer of the Légion d’Honneur and of the Ordre National du Mérite.

1996 Fragmented society and globalization