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Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1969 Murray Gell-Mann was born in New York in 1929. He received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1951 and become a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton the same year. In 1952 he was already teaching at the University of Chicago. In 1955 he moved to the California Institute of Technology, where he is currently Professor Emeritus of Theoretical Physics. In 1953 he began to develop some of the theories that, verified experimentally over the subsequent 40 years, would earn him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969. His theory of the "eightfold way" restored order to the chaos created with the discovery of some 100 new particles in the atomic nucleus. However, Gell-Mann is best known for his theory predicting the even more elementary particles he dubbed "quarks", a discovery which sparked the development of a new branch of physics known as quantum chromodynamics. His interests extend to many other subjects, including archaeology, history, evolutionary biology, linguistics, learning and creative thinking. He is a founding member of the Santa Fe Institute, where he is currently involved in the study of the similarities and differences between complex adaptive systems (which develop using information gathered from the environment), which brings all of these subjects together. He is also concerned with environmental and demographic policy matters, sustainable economic development and the stability of the world political system. Gell-Mann is a member of nuomerous international institutions, including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, the Royal Society and the US President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology. |
 1995 "Information" versus knowledge and understanding 1998 Visions of a sustainable world |