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Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1973 Leo Esaki was born in Osaka in 1925. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the University of Tokyo in 1947 and his Ph.D. in 1959. His early work experience came with Sony Corporation in Tokyo, where his studies in quantum physics and heavily-doped germanium and silicon semiconductors led in 1957 to the discovery of the tunnel diode, also known as the "Esaki diode": a fundamental quantum electron device that can be used as a switch, detector and component of high-frequency oscillators and amplifiers. It was for this research, together with subsequent work on the tunnel effect in solids, that he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973. In 1960 Esaki moved to the United States to work as a researcher at IBM's Thomas Watson Research Center, where he continued his work with superlattices, artificial structures that apply the principles of quantum physics to semiconductors. Since April 1992 he has been President of the University of Tsukuba, the most modern and technologically-advanced university in Japan. His current interest is centred on the reform and internationalisation of the Japanese education system. Esaki is also a director of the Yamada Science Foundation and the Science and Technology Foundation of Japan. He is a member of the American Academy for Arts and Sciences, the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, the American Philosophical Society, the US National Academy of Sciences and the Russian and Japanese science academies.

1995 Preparing our minds and hearts for the 21st Century